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Citation Use the citation options below to add these abbreviations to your bibliography. Powered by CITE. Be Really Brilliant. Be Right Bold. Be Regularly Back. A long and bloody civil war followed. The Red Army, backed by the Bolshevik government, defeated the White Army, which represented a large group of loosely allied forces including monarchists, capitalists and supporters of other forms of socialism. The newly established Communist Party, led by Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin , took control of the government.
The dictator ruled by terror with a series of brutal policies, which left millions of his own citizens dead. During his reign—which lasted until his death in —Stalin transformed the Soviet Union from an agrarian society to an industrial and military superpower.
Stalin implemented a series of Five-Year Plans to spur economic growth and transformation in the Soviet Union. The first Five-Year Plan focused on collectivizing agriculture and rapid industrialization. Subsequent Five-Year Plans focused on the production of armaments and military build-up. Between and , Stalin enforced the collectivization of the agricultural sector. Rural peasants were forced to join collective farms. Those that owned land or livestock were stripped of their holdings.
Hundreds of thousands of higher-income farmers, called kulaks, were rounded up and executed, their property confiscated. The Communists believed that consolidating individually owned farms into a series of large state-run collective farms would increase agricultural productivity.
The opposite was true. Amid confusion and resistance to collectivization in the countryside, agricultural productivity dropped.
This led to devastating food shortages. Millions died during the Great Famine of For many years the USSR denied the Great Famine, keeping secret the results of a census that would have revealed the extent of loss. Stalin eliminated all likely opposition to his leadership by terrorizing Communist Party officials and the public through his secret police.
Millions more were deported, or imprisoned in forced labor camps known as Gulags. The Americans and British feared the spread of communism into Western Europe and worldwide. In , the U. The alliance between countries of the Western bloc was a political show of force against the USSR and its allies. The Cold War power struggle—waged on political, economic and propaganda fronts between the Eastern and Western blocs—would persist in various forms until the fall of the Soviet Union in He became Communist Party secretary in and premier in At home, however, Khrushchev initiated a series of political reforms that made Soviet society less repressive.
During this period, later known as de-Stalinization, Khrushchev criticized Stalin for arresting and deporting opponents, took steps to raise living conditions, freed many political prisoners, loosened artistic censorship, and closed the Gulag labor camps.
Members of his own political party removed Khrushchev from office in In the first sketch, the hammer and sickle were placed against the shield and pierced by a sword, and ears of wheat were placed to the left and right of the center, symbolizing the agricultural might of the country. Everybody approved of the design but Lenin, who insisted that the sword must be removed from the new state seal. Lenin also added the name of the state and the words "Workers of all lands, unite!
From , the Communist motto was written on the six ribbons that went around the ears of wheat, in the six languages of the first Socialist Republics: Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Armenian, Georgian, and Turkmen Turkish. As the number of republics in the USSR grew, the ribbons were added, and by , there were 15 of them. The emblem continued to be used after the USSR had fallen in Until , it was still printed on currency bills, official documents, and passports.
With passports, the story is a bit more complicated. As of , there were over , people in Russia that still had a Soviet passport as their primary ID document. They refused to change their citizenship and formally, are still citizens of the non-existent state.
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