The world is currently off-track to meeting the targets of SDG 6 , and with only 10 years to go to achieve the SDGs, we need an immediate and integrated global response to rapidly improve progress on SDG 6. With the COVID pandemic demonstrating the critical importance of adequate access to safe water and sanitation for preventing and containing diseases, and climate change increasing variability in the water cycle, the Decade on Water and Sustainable Development must succeed.
The meeting will seek to showcase solutions in various contexts, and also identify the lessons learnt and best practices in implementing the water related targets and goals.
Welcome to the United Nations. High-Level meeting on the implementation of the water-related goals. The objectives of the high-level meeting are as follows: Raise global awareness among people on the importance and urgency of implementation of SDG6. Identify gaps and obstacles in the implementation of the water-related goals and targets of the Agenda whilst sharing solutions from various contexts Highlight the urgency of the need for mobilization of resources and enhanced investment in the water infrastructure including in the context of advancing urgent action to promote water and sanitation as key to contain COVID and build a more resilient and just future.
The analysis of hematology, histology, and water quality was conducted in a laboratory within the Aquaculture department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University.
This research was also accompanied by the staff of the Ethics Committee for the stages of using test animals, anesthetizing test animals, and taking blood samples. The eel elver in this study average weight The experiments were divided into four groups. Among the twelve units of eel rearing containers, different water levels were given for each of the three rearing containers which included a water level of 1. The vertical aquaculture system constructed for rearing the experimental fish was designed by arranging three cultivation tubs vertically like a drawer with wooden support frames, each was equipped with a recirculation system Fig.
The water reservoir in this experiment was only used in the water change process. The water from reservoir was flowed through a 0. PVC pipe to the cultivation tubs. The water flow that entered the maintenance container was adjusted by using a water tap according to the percentage of water change.
Water from the maintenance tubs came out through the outlet channel in the form of a 1 cm aeration hose located on the bottom wall of the tub. This outlet channel functioned to control the water level during the water change process. The water then was streamed into a temporary storage tank by gravity which is then flowed back to the reservoir using a pump.
Experimental set up, vertical aquaculture systems the container can be stretched horizontally to the front. The feed was reformed into a paste or dough by mixing it with water the ratio is1 g feed: 0.
Feed making was carried out every sampling period by adjusting the fish biomass in the rearing container. Water management in the container was performed by siphonize and changing the water.
The data in this study were collected through weight, blood, water sampling on every 15 days during the maintenance period, while gills and liver sampling were collected before and after the maintenance period. Fish were removed from the maintenance container and placed in a sampling box, and then measured individually using the digital scale at 0. Sample of blood was taken from the upper side between anus and anal fin end for hematology and blood chemistry analysis.
Blood hematology sample was collected as much as 0. Blood biochemistry sample was obtained as much as 1. Blood sampling was carried out for 10—15 min. The first blood sample was used for the hematological analysis and second blood sample was used for the blood biochemical analysis. Water sample was collected taking mL water from the maintenance media and analyzed in the laboratory. The skin and gill samples were collected from the oversedated fish and cut in the head base to obtain the gill organs, while the back part was vertically cut to obtain the skin using scissors and tweezer.
The OCR was measured by preparing the 5 L closed container with no air space remained and strong aeration for 24 h. The aeration was removed, DO 0 was measured and noted after the aeration was removed. Fish sample was measured and moved into the container, and then closed and measured the Dot each hour for 3 h The first drop was removed and the blood was dropped into the hemacytometer enclosed with the cover glass and observed under the microscope.
The total white blood cell WBC was calculated following 30 by absorbing the blood sample with an absorbent pipette filled with white colored pulp stirrer until reaching 0.
Blood was absorbed with the Sahli pipette until reaching 20 mm 3 or 0. Blood in the pipette was moved into the Hb-meter tube filled with 0. Aquadest was added into the blood sample and HCl until the color was similar to the Hb meter. The hematocrit He was calculated based on The precipitated blood was measured its length a and total blood volume in the tube b using a ruler. The leukocyte differentiation LD was calculated based on The second object glass was moved to the back, while touching the blood drop until the blood spreaded and was stood until dry.
The spreaded blood was fixated with the methanol absolute for 5 min, then removed and stood until dry. The blood sample staining was performed for 10 min in the Giemsa solution, then removed and rinsed with the flowing water, stood until dry.
The leukocyte types were calculated their percentage from leukocytes in several observational field. The water quality parameters containing temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen DO were directly measured every day using the mercury thermometer, Hanna HI pH meter, and Lutron DO meter. TAN, ammonia, nitrite and alkalinity were analyzed using the spectrophotometer and Titimetrical method 34 , Duncan test was performed when there were significant differences among treatment groups based on the parameters obtained.
Table 1 summarized production performance of eel elver after 60 days rearing period. The highest value of WCD was indicated in treatment B of with Relatively similar results were shown in treatment A and C with the values of 8.
The lowest WCD was found in treatment D with 7. Treatment C and D shared somewhat similar results with The SGOT value decreased as compared to that before the treatments that showed Meanwhile, the highest ALP value was found in treatment C with The lowest ALP value was shown in treatment A, which was The values of treatment B and D were The ALP value before the treatments was The value indicated a decrease in treatment A and an increase in all other treatments.
This value was the same as that of treatment B, but different from those of treatment A and C. The lowest He value was found in treatment C with In general, the He value increased by The gill and skin histology at different water levels is shown in Fig.
The results showed that different water levels caused damages to the gills and skin. For instance, gill filament necrosis occurred in all treatments. The skin also experienced some changes in its histological structure, namely erosion, and irritation of its epidermis in all treatments. Histology of gill and skin A. The water quality of eel elver rearing for 60 days showed that treatment had no significant effect on pH, TAN, nitrite, ammonia, and alkalinity but had effect on temperature and DO Table 4.
In general, the water quality of rearing process was still in a proper condition for the cultivation of eel elver. The highest temperature was found in treatment A The highest DO concentration was identified from treatment A 5. The concentration of pH ranged from 6. The production performance is a major parameter in the production of aquaculture biota that can indicate production success Based on Table 1 , it can be seen that the production performance of the eel A.
In general, this study shows better results than the previous studies about the use of water volume of culture media, individual growth rate, and biomass of the eel A. Meanwhile, the eel A. The results of this study are also better when compared to the cultivation of A.
Besides, the growth in this study is higher than that of the eel A. In the European eel A. Meanwhile, WCD illustrates the level of weight diversity at the end of the rearing period. The higher the WCD value, the smaller the level of weight uniformity will be. The highest WCD in this study was found in treatment B with OCR functions as an indicator to determine the metabolic rate of fish The lower the TKO rate, the less energy used for metabolism that more energy available for growth.
The results showed that OCR ranged from 0. The values are lower than those of the previous studies with 0. It implies that the water level in the treatment is still within normal limits to support SR and the growth of the fish. In terms of water use efficiency, the lowest water level is the most efficient treatment in using water for the cultivation of the eel A.
Blood biochemistry is a secondary response of fish to environmental changes and pathogenic infections that cause fish to be in a stressful state due to the release of several stress hormones This secondary response is also characterized by changes in blood and tissue biochemistry, such as the increase of blood glucose 45 , It eventually results in a large amount of energy used by fish to adapt to the conditions Apart from blood glucose, biochemistry changes in the blood are also used in evaluating the health or stress condition of fish 48 , 49 , In general, the blood biochemistry responses are still in normal conditions no stress.
Several previous studies also showed various BG between The TP value in this study ranged from 3. This value was lower than that before the treatments.
The TP value in this study does not show a big difference from the values of other studies that ranged from 3. Besides, this value is much lower than the values of other species, such as A.
The SGPT values are influenced by fish species BUN and creatinine are indicators for kidney organ damage. The increase of BUN indicates the declining ability of the kidneys to excrete urea in the blood. It is also in line with the creatinine; the increase of the creatinine signifies damage to the kidney organs Other studies show somewhat similar results, for example Clarias gariepinus with 0. The SGOT value after the treatments was lower than that before the treatments. The highest ALP value was found in treatment C with a value of The lowest ALP value was found in treatment A, which was This value showed a decrease in treatment A and an increase in other treatments as compared to that before the treatments.
In another study investigating the species of A. The ALP value also varies in the A. The hematology is a significant indicator in aquaculture as it can provide an evaluation of the health status of fish due to changes in nutrition, water quality, and disease; besides, it can be done in a non-lethal way 54 , These responses were still in normal conditions no stress.
The normal RBCs values are in the range of 1. Other studies also showed an increase of the RBCs values with 1. WBCs have been used in the clinical evaluation of stress and fish disease In this study, the number of WBCs showed a decline in the amount of 9.
However, this decline is still within the normal range. The normal SDP of fish is in the range between 3. The decrease in WBCs was also reported at the level of 8. The low number of WBC implies that the fish are healthy and have a good immune response 73 , Hb functions as an indicator that shows the blood ability to carry oxygen The values of Hb in this study ranged from 8.
Meanwhile, He is the ratio between RBCs volume and total blood volume The highest value was found in treatment D with This result was similar to that of treatment B, but different from those of treatment A and C.
The lowest He value was in treatment C that was In general, the He value in this study is still in the normal range. Leukocyte differentiation which includes monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils is a derivative of WBCs The comparison among monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes has been an excellent indicator for measuring the stress level of fish In this study, the monocytes of the initial conditions before the treatments were After the treatments, the monocytes increased by The monocytes showed a very low percentage; it is in line with The lymphocytes in the initial condition before the treatments was Then, it showed various results after the treatments ranging from The decrease of monocytes is due to the increase of lymphocytes produced by antibodies Similar to the lymphocytes, the neutrophils also showed the same response, in which it was low before the treatments began and increased as the treatments proceeded.
The results of the histological analysis showed that the eels reared at different water levels indicated several changes of their histological structure, which is gill and skin damage Fig. Filament necrosis occurred in the gill organs for all treatments. The skin also experienced some erosion on its epidermis for all treatments. The changes in the histology structure that occurred were due to the fact that eels were in a very low water level, thus providing a moment for gills and skin to be in direct contact with air.
This condition allows the uptake of air gases continuously and causes irritation to the gills and skin organs. Changes in the histology structure did not significantly affect the production performance and health status of eels in all treatments. Production performance escalated with increasing water level. Necrosis and hyperplasia also occurred in A. Changes in the histology structure also occur in several vital organs due to diseases and contaminants 20 , 84 , 85 , 86 , Erosion on its epidermis occurred because the skin was in direct contact with air continuously and caused the outer part of the skin to fade.
Changes in the histology structure of the skin did not have a negative effect on other parameters production performance and physiological responses , eels showed good production performance with undisturbed health status due to treatment. Eels are strong species and able to withstand extreme conditions, this is supported by a strong and thick skin structure It is capable to protect the body surface from chemical damage and infection of microorganisms 1 , 84 , 89 , 90 , The results of other studies also show the same symptoms, namely the thinning or erosion of epidermal cells due to pathogenic infections In general, the water quality parameters were still in the optimum range for all treatments.
The highest temperature concentration was found in treatment It was still in the normal conditions for the eel rearing. The concentration of pH during the study ranged from 6. The optimal pH range in the eel rearing ranges between 6 and 8 94 , 95 , The concentration of TAN in this study ranged between 0.
The concentration of nitrite in this study ranged from 0. Nitrite is less toxic than ammonia with a tolerance level of 0. The concentration of ammonia ranged from 0. Alkalinity ranged between The normal conditions of the water quality in this study were highly influenced by the use of a recirculation system. The recirculation system is an intensification of fish production by reusing the rearing water and processing the water to depurate it , , Water management is carried out by using filters to reduce fish culture waste and feed remains , Elver eels A.
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