We developed a rating system for the quality of the sources, based on which we could establish a best estimate regarding victim count, in addition to the lowest and highest estimates for a number of victims of each offender see Supplementary Data Sheet 1. For presentation purposes, we often had to pool established facts and estimates, but an effort was made to keep track of such estimates and provide this information in the respective figures and the respective tables.
Verification is easy. Not all candidate cases of cannibalistic behaviors were included in our study. Specifically, we required that at least one case of cannibalistic homicide was established for each offender. Whenever possible we made this assessment based on conclusion by police investigator as communicated to the press and cited in the documentation available to us.
Our study includes all homicides from a cannibalistic offender and not only those homicides for which the cannibalism was established. We focused on cannibalistic homicide in modern societies and excluded aboriginal cannibalism cases. The reason for such an exclusion is that the cultural mind set on cannibal practices might be quite different in modern and aboriginal societies.
In modern societies, eating human meat is outlawed and consumption of pieces of a corpse is viewed as an act of mutilation and desecration.
In the Fore from Papua New Guinea, however, a funerary cannibalism was practiced out of love and respect for the deceased Whitfield et al. Hence, pooling such behaviors seems inappropriate. There are numerous cases of so-called hunger cannibalism, in which individuals chose to eat humans in order to escape starvation. While such cases of hunger cannibalism are very interesting see our discussion , such extreme situations go along with drastically reduced behavioral options for offenders.
Since our major interest relates to the behavioral choices of cannibalistic offenders, we chose to exclude these cases. There are numerous cases of so-called war cannibalism, in which offenders had orders or permit to eat other humans, typically prisoners of war or subjugated people. Again, in the extreme war situation, the behavioral choices of cannibalistic offenders seem to be restricted and we chose to exclude such cases.
When the cannibalistic homicide was not established with reasonable certainty, we excluded the cases Supplementary Data Sheet 3. Prominent examples include German serial murder M. Another excluded offender was American E. The initial data set was assembled from multiple forms of internet-searches. These included:. Searches for cannibalism and related keywords. Searches from starter sets and crime related resources.
A key source in our initial establishment of our data set was the List of incidents of cannibalism. Searches for cross-links in net-sources and newspaper articles. Once a cannibalistic incident was established, we carefully reviewed the corresponding internet coverage for cross-links to further cases. Searches for offender and victim names. Searches for victim and offender names were routinely performed for all cases. Darknet, cannibal fora and the like. We heard about such communication channels in the course of our research on cannibalism but avoided such links in their entirety.
An extraordinary amount of publications deal with cases of cannibalistic homicides. Whenever we identified a monograph covering a cannibalism case, we ordered the respective book. Altogether, we screened 19 such monographs. We consulted four scientific publications describing original cannibalistic homicide cases Rajs et al.
We also obtained general literature 10 other books and papers about cannibalistic homicides but did do so in a less systematic fashion. A list of books consulted can be found in Supplementary Data Sheet 5. In a small fraction of cases, we also reviewed original evidence related to cannibalistic homicides such as interview transcripts, audio-visual interviews, court exhibits, and monuments commemorating victims. We contacted 30 experts on forensic studies, criminology, or serial killers, in the USA, Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark, to ask whether they had any additional cases or information to our data set.
We got a reply from 13 experts, which revealed two additional cases, which were added to the data set. Additional literature consulted, other than those referenced to in the main text, is available in Supplementary Data Sheet 5. To quantify mental health, we calculated a mental health score for each offender, ranging from 0 to 4.
Scores for offenders who were unfit for trial because of mental health problems were computed similarly to as if they had received an insanity plea as well as an insanity verdict. Our study on cannibalistic homicides focused on statistics of these crimes, such as: age and sex of offenders and victims, method of killing, details of the cannibalization, the relationship between victim and offender, and the mental state of the offender.
Obtaining such statistics is not always obvious, as the available evidence may be lacking in various aspects. To highlight how we scored each case and used this scoring, we will first describe two individual cases.
These examples will give the reader insight into the nature of the crimes, the characteristic of the evidence, and our scoring of the cases. After V. In the end, V. When the police came to K. Consequently 31 victims 5 women and 26 men are known by name and a detailed police investigation uncovered remains of at least 42 humans in K.
It seemed from K. Our scoring of the case was the following: We rated the quality of case documentation as excellent. We scored the number of 42 victims as an upper bound victim estimate; this is an unsatisfactory upper bound estimate, because it might well be too low, but no other evidence-based estimate was available.
We scored 42 victims as the best victim number estimate and the 31 well-documented victims as a lower bound victim estimate. All victims were scored as probably cannibalized.
Names, sex, and ages of the 31 known victims and the age of K. While it was not explicitly mentioned, we scored all victims as unrelated to K. The relationship of K. Figure 1. Profile and weapons of choice of cannibal K. A Headshot of K. This photo has originally been released by the police and is now available in the public domain. B Tools discovered in K. He received a good education at a private grammar school and obtained a degree in psychology.
In his youth, S. In addition, at the ages of 17 and 23, he was convicted to prison sentences 3 and 2 years, respectively for knife attacks. In June , at the age of 40, S. He killed a year-old sex-worker, S. Her body was never found. In April the next year, he struck again and murdered S. From S. One month later, he committed his third and last murder on sex-worker S. Footage from private security cameras showed S. He claimed to have eaten from his victims, sometimes cooking parts of the meat, sometimes eating them raw.
He was sentenced to life imprisonment without a chance of ever being released. The press coverage of the case was extensive, and significant materials on the case were available to us, such as newspaper reports and a monograph on the case by journalist Cyril Dixon We scored the case as follows: we rated the quality of case documentation as excellent.
We gave S. However, there are no claims that he had auditory hallucinations during the murders, he did not plea for insanity, and he was not sentenced to a psychiatric institution. We scored the number of three victims as an upper bound, lower bound, and best estimate. It is unclear which of the victims were cannibalized, so we left that unscored. An overview of our data set is given in Figures 2A , B. Cannibalistic offenders typically used manual methods to kill stabbing, strangulating, and beating rather than guns Figure 2C.
The murder methods observed were very different from conventional homicides in the US, most of which were carried out by guns Fox and Zawitz, ; Figure 2D. Importantly, this difference in the method of killing also held up if we restricted the comparison to US cannibalistic offenders Figure 2E. Many cannibalistic homicides were sex-related crimes Figure 2E. Given the frequent nature of cannibalistic homicides with sexual acts, we also compared kin-avoidance in such cases to non-cannibalistic homicides with sexual acts.
Sexual homicide accounts for 1. For cannibalistic sexual homicides, the percentage of kin victims is only 0. For non-cannibalistic sexual homicides in the United States —, 2. Figure 2. Rate, killing methods, and relation to sexual acts of cannibalistic homicides. A Offender numbers in our sample. B Victim numbers in our sample. All homicide victims of cannibalistic offenders are plotted, numbers refer to best estimates as defined in the methods. C Incidence of killing methods in cannibalistic homicide.
E Relation of cannibalistic homicides to sexual acts in all homicides by cannibalistic offenders left , their first homicides middle , and their later homicides right. Much like conventional homicide offenders all over the world, the vast majority of cannibalistic homicide offenders were men Figure 3A.
Cannibalistic homicide victims were roughly half men and women Figure 3B. Male and female cannibalistic offenders targeted men and women equally Figure 3C. Male victims were much more common in cannibalistic homicides than in conventional homicides in the US Figure 3D. One of the surprising elements in our study relates to the age of cannibalistic homicide offenders Figure 3E. Such offenders were old and there was a scarcity of offenders 17 or younger.
This was strikingly different from US homicide offenders who were on average substantially younger gray arrow , and many of whom were 17 years of age or younger.
The average age of victims of cannibalistic homicide was only 25 years Figure 3F. The victims of cannibalistic offenders were younger than US homicides victims who were on average older, gray arrow. Next, we checked the pleas and verdicts during trials of these cannibalistic homicides. In line with what one might expect from the respective case reports, many cannibalistic offenders did plead insanity with considerable success in the courts Figure 3G.
Figure 3. Gender and age of victims of cannibalistic homicides and of US homicides. A Gender of all cannibalistic offenders in this data set. B Gender of victims of all cannibalistic homicides in this data set. C Gender relationships in cannibalistic homicides. E Age of victims of all cannibalistic offenders in this data set. Black arrow indicates mean, gray arrow indicates mean age of US homicide offenders for comparison. F Age of victims of all cannibalistic homicides in this data set.
Black arrow indicates mean, gray arrow indicates mean age of US homicide victims for comparison. G Pleas and verdicts in trials of all cannibalistic offenders.
When we designed our study, we decided to include all homicides of cannibalistic offenders in our analysis. We made this decision because it is much easier to verify if a particular offender is cannibalistic than to verify if a particular homicide was cannibalistic. The distinction of cannibalistic and non-cannibalistic crimes is nonetheless important for our study. For comparisons about patterns of cannibalization, we only included the homicides for which information about cannibalization was available.
As shown in Figure 4A , we could assign the cannibalization in homicide offenses to three categories: cannibalized, non-cannibalized, and cannibalization unknown.
A potentially important difference was observed in the initial and later homicides of multiple cannibalistic offenders. Cannibalism was noticeably more common in their first crimes than their later homicides Figure 4B.
In Figure 4C , we give an account of the body parts cannibalized. This estimate was based on relatively incomplete information, because — as a result of desecration concerns — such details were not always reported on, or even relayed to the press.
Still, it was evident that cannibalistic offenders most often went for the meat of their victims. Figure 4. Patterns of cannibalization.
A Cannibalization in all homicides of cannibalistic offenders. B Left, cannibalization in the first homicides of cannibalistic multiple offenders. Right, cannibalization in the later homicides of cannibalistic multiple offenders. C Cannibalized body parts. Each offender appears only one time or not at all in each reported category. We categorized offenders-victim relationships as either strangers, unrelated acquaintances, intimates, or kin. In the s, after a cannibal tribe in West Africa piqued his curiosity, Seabrook obtained a bit of fresh human from a hospital intern and cooked it up.
And what do people taste like? Like tender beef, according to the journalist. It was very definitely like that, and it was not like any other meat I had ever tasted," Seabrook reported. It was mild, good meat with no other sharply defined or highly characteristic taste such as for instance, goat, high game, and pork have.
The steak was slightly tougher than prime veal, a little stringy, but not too tough or stringy to be agreeably edible. The roast, from which I cut and ate a central slice, was tender, and in color, texture, smell as well as taste, strengthened my certainty that of all the meats we habitually know, veal is the one meat to which this meat is accurately comparable.
With a name like "Alferd," and a beard like that, you just knew this guy was to be a gold prospector from He left Utah for Colorado with a party of five other men.
Months later, he arrived in snow-bound Denver alone. He claimed the party had run out of food, and they had turned to cannibalism for survival. When yah came to Hinsdale County, there was siven Dimmycrats. But you, yah et five of 'em, goddam yah. I sintince yah t' be hanged by th' neck ontil yer dead, dead, dead, as a warnin' ag'in reducin' th' Dimmycratic populayshun of this county. Packer, you Republican cannibal, I would sintince ya ta hell but the statutes forbid it.
Heidnik was a serial killer and rapist who abducted at least six women, then held them captive in his basement dungeon before killing them. During that time, he would repeatedly rape and torture them both physically and psychologically. One method of which involved feeding his victims a mixture of dog food and the ground-up remains of the last woman he killed. Heidnik himself consumed some of his victims. Of the eight he captured, two survived when they were rescued by police.
Probably the most notorious American serial killer of the 20th century, Jeffrey Dahmer perpetrated all manner of graphic horrors on his victims, including gruesome medical experimentation and necrophilia. In addition to other body parts he kept as trophies, Dahmer ate pieces of at least one victim, keeping the remainder in his refrigerator for regular snacks.
I gave bars to neighbors and acquaintances. Depending on your point of view, it rises above even such criminal abominations as, rape and genocide. Cannibalism is the consumption of another human's body matter, whether consensual or not. In the bathtub they found a mutilated, headless body. There are at least uncontacted tribes living in Brazil alone and experts believe they number up to Found insideUltimately, Staller tells the story of Africans who confronted worlds unknown as cannibals, how they used the concept to order the world around them, and how they were themselves brought to order by a world of commercial slaving that was Fritz Haarmann quickly confessed to raping, killing, butchering, and cannibalizing young men since Peter Stent was a seasoned dairyman, but he had never seen anything like this.
Dengiz skinned the corpse with a cleaver, ate some of the flesh raw, and put the rest in a bag. Assuming there was barely enough chopped-up man-meat to go around and the cannibals were getting only 10 percent sustenance per day based on a 3,calorie diet, a single person could provide Around , Tarrare was born in France.
When the author started writing this book, it was to be about living amongst the cannibals of the Kukukuku people of Papua New Guinea. The earthquake severely damaged two cities, Le Cayes and Jeremic. We hear that you are all cannibals--you eat the flesh of your children in your sacred meetings. He was considered by all who knew him as a well-spoken, nicely dressed, and clean-shaven gentleman. During his service on the French frigate Hoche, he attempted to eat the severed leg of a crew member hit by cannon fire, before other members of the crew wrestled it from him.
Nikolai Dzhumagaliev made a habit of preparing ethnic dishes out of his victims. Tarrare constantly suffered from foul body odor. He was a premature birth and had deformed hands, which were gnarled and fused directly to the wrists.
Woodmansee was released from prison on September 11, , after serving 28 years of a 40 year sentence for murdering and cannibalizing a young boy in Rhode Island. There's an evolutionary explanation for the red squirrel's behavior. On June 5, , Dengiz killed Sedat Erzurumlu, a computer engineer, who angered him by saying that he could not afford to buy the laptop he was looking at.
Kroll was immediately arrested and he confessed to thirteen murders. Some evidence suggests that cannibalism is a result of trauma experienced in childhood. Some lizards are legless and resemble snakes, unlike the typical lizards which are quadrupedal and run with a side to side motion. During the murder spree, Miyazaki was a mild-mannered employee by day, but outside of work, he randomly selected children to kill. Moving from the idea of the dangerous Other, Priscilla L.
Walton's Our Cannibals, Ourselves shows us how modern-day cannibalism has been recaptured as in the vampire story, resurrected into the human blood stream, and mutated into the He attempted to drink the blood of other patients in the hospital and looted the corpses in the morgue.
While folks in Japan and elsewhere were outraged by the story, no charges were brought. When we think about cannibals, we usually think about long forgotten cases, often not being aware of the fact that they are very present even today and even worldwide. The tissue was then cooked to medium rare in sunflower oil, only for both hosts to eat a little bit of the other… Gross!
In , Peter Bryan was born In London. A man is , calories. Another man with a similar case to Tarrare is a Polish soldier named Charles Domery On October 5, , Spesivtsev was ruled insane by a Russian court and committed to a psychiatric hospital. Consuming the body of any human being is perhaps the most unthinkable crime one can commit, though Otty Sanchez took cannibalism to an even more despicable degree when she stabbed, decapitated, and ate portions of her three-week-old son in The material is too obscene to discuss, but Toole goes into detail about cooking and eating humans with his homemade barbeque sauce.
After capturing the man, a crowd then stoned him to death and burned him. Other groups of uncontacted tribes also can be found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and.
An icon of the world globe, indicating different international options. A researcher studying cannibalism in the Paleolithic era estimated that a human body would provide an average of , to , calories, if consumed.
An oil prospector is captured by a violent and primitive cannibal tribe in the Philippines' rain forest, but he manages to escape with a female hostage and tries to locate his missing companion and their airplane in order to return home. Within the field of psychology there is a debate on what factors lead a person to practice criminal cannibalism. The tribe has only recently begun to let outsiders close enough to get a look at their customs.
On the way back to the station, Nilsen was asked how many bodies there were talking about. The twisted killer skinned his victims and chopped up their bodies before cooking and eating their flesh.
The twisted killer uploaded footage of himself repeatedly stabbing his victim with an ice pick, then dismembering him and performing acts of necrophilia. Rudy Eugene stunned the world when he stripped naked and ate a homeless mans face off in the street in Miami.
His victim survived the attack but was left badly disfigured after a crazed Eugene ate both his eyes and other parts of his face. Eugene was believed to have been on the drug "bath salts" when he committed the brutal attack. He was shot dead by police after he stripped Ronald Poppo naked and started biting his face. We pay for your stories! Do you have a story for The Sun Online news team? Email us at tips the-sun.
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